Race is a social construct, not biological.
Race is a biology-based categorization.
That race is real was recognized from time immemorial. The assertion that race is a "social construct" is both recent and limited to a small part of the planet. The motive of those propagating the idea is political, not scientific.
It was first asserted -- and widely ignored -- in the 1940's by an anthropologist, not a biologist. In the 1970's, advances in genetics demonstrated that, at the genetic level, there are only small variations between the races. This is undeniably true, but doesn't mean that those variations aren't significant. For point of comparison, the differences between humans and rats result from only a 2.5% difference within DNA. (
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2352-just-2-5-of-dna-turns-mice-into-men/).
A race is a population of a species that shares certain characteristics in higher frequencies than other populations of that species but has not become reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species. Race refers to descent from a common ancestry or stock. No one claims there are no sociological aspects to race, but if race was only a social construct and not biological, racial characteristics such as color as skin, et al would not be heritable.
Yes, human populations are very similar to each other from a genetic point of view. That's the undeniable scientific consensus. Regardless, as expressed by Harvard geneticist David Reich in the NY TImes, 3/23/18: "over the years this consensus has morphed, seemingly without questioning, into an orthodoxy. The orthodoxy maintains that the average genetic differences among people grouped according to today’s racial terms are so trivial when it comes to any meaningful biological traits that those differences can be ignored.
"I have deep sympathy for the concern that genetic discoveries could be misused to justify racism. But as a geneticist I also know that it is simply no longer possible to ignore average genetic differences among races.
"Groundbreaking advances in DNA sequencing technology have been made over the last two decades. ... With the help of these tools, we are learning that while race may be a social construct, differences in genetic ancestry that happen to correlate to many of today’s racial constructs are real.
"I am worried that well-meaning people who deny the possibility of substantial biological differences among human populations are digging themselves into an indefensible position, one that will not survive the onslaught of science."
"To get a sense of what modern genetic research into average biological differences across populations looks like, consider an example from my own work. Beginning around 2003, I began exploring whether the population mixture that has occurred in the last few hundred years in the Americas could be leveraged to find risk factors for prostate cancer, a disease that occurs 1.7 times more often in self-identified African-Americans than in self-identified European-Americans. This disparity had not been possible to explain based on dietary and environmental differences, suggesting that genetic factors might play a role.
"In 2006, we found exactly what we were looking for: a location in the genome with about 2.8 percent more African ancestry than the average." "When we looked in more detail, we found that this region contained at least seven independent risk factors for prostate cancer, all more common in West Africans. Our findings could fully account for the higher rate of prostate cancer in African-Americans than in European-Americans."
"While most people will agree that finding a genetic explanation for an elevated rate of disease is important, they often draw the line there. Finding genetic influences on a propensity for disease is one thing, they argue, but looking for such influences on behavior and cognition is another.
"But whether we like it or not, that line has already been crossed.
A recent study led by the economist Daniel Benjamin compiled information on the number of years of education from more than 400,000 people, almost all of whom were of European ancestry. After controlling for differences in socioeconomic background, he and his colleagues identified 74 genetic variations that are over-represented in genes known to be important in neurological development, each of which is incontrovertibly more common in Europeans with more years of education than in Europeans with fewer years of education.
"This study has been joined by others finding genetic predictors of behavior.
One of these, led by the geneticist Danielle Posthuma, studied more than 70,000 people and found genetic variations in more than 20 genes that were predictive of performance on intelligence tests.
"Is performance on an intelligence test or the number of years of school a person attends shaped by the way a person is brought up? Of course.
But does it measure
something having to do with
some aspect of behavior or cognition? Almost certainly.
And since all traits influenced by genetics are expected to differ across populations (because the frequencies of genetic variations are rarely exactly the same across populations), the genetic influences on behavior and cognition will differ across populations, too."
Race is real and biological. The law of nature is real and lasting.
Politics is a transient social construct.