Arkady
President
In the old days, white southerners essentially got extra voting power based on their property -- slaves weren't allowed to vote, yet still were partly counted for purposes of apportioning representation in the House, and thus also in apportioning Electoral College votes. Today, a similar phenomenon exists, where some citizens are effectively given extra voting weight relative to others, due to the fact they share a state with people who are either barred from voting (non-citizens, and in some cases prisoners and people who have been convicted of a felony), or discouraged from voting (with deliberately long voting lines in the districts of "undesirable" citizens, over-scrubbed voter lists, voter intimidation, voter ID requirements, intentionally difficult registration procedures, etc.)
This actually makes a big difference in real voter turnout rates (as opposed to official voter turnout rates, which only consider the share of eligible voters who vote). Here are the five states where the highest and lowest share of the population actually votes (based on 2012 real voter turnout rates):
Highest
(1) Minnesota 54.86%
(2) Maine 54.53%
(3) New Hampshire 54.42%
(4) Wisconsin 53.38%
(5) Iowa 51.72%
Lowest
Texas 30.56%
Hawaii 31.40%
California 34.70%
Oklahoma 34.92%
Arizona 35.46%
Although there are exceptions (California, Hawaii), the general trend is for Union/Blue-State areas to have high proportional voting, while Confederate/Red-State areas have low proportional voting. 10 of 15 low-turnout states went for Romney, while 12 of 15 high-turnout states went for Obama.
Another way to think about it is like this. In Minnesota, each voter is effectively given the voting power attributable to 1.82 residents. In Texas, each voter is effectively given the voting power attributable to 3.27 residents. That's almost twice as much voting power for Texans, at least in the House (in the Senate and Electoral College, things are made more complicated by the disproportionate voting power of small states).
There's a simple way to remedy this. Rather than apportioning voting power by resident population (which gives powerful groups an incentive to suppress the voting of weaker groups), apportion it by actual number of votes in the last general election. This would give every state an incentive to encourage voter turnout. Long voting lines would be a thing of the past. Registration would be as simple as possible. If a state implemented voter ID requirements, it would do so in a way designed to make it as little of an obstacle to voting as possible (including making the casting of provisional ballots easy for those who don't happen to have ID at the moment), and you couldn't artificially boost your voting power by importing huge populations of prisoners or non-citizen workers. This would also give presidential candidates more incentive to focus on issues that matter to ALL Americans, rather than giving disproportionate weight to the concerns of "swing state" residents, since if you neglect a "safe state," you could be pushing down its voting weight and its House apportionment, by pushing down voter enthusiasm.
This actually makes a big difference in real voter turnout rates (as opposed to official voter turnout rates, which only consider the share of eligible voters who vote). Here are the five states where the highest and lowest share of the population actually votes (based on 2012 real voter turnout rates):
Highest
(1) Minnesota 54.86%
(2) Maine 54.53%
(3) New Hampshire 54.42%
(4) Wisconsin 53.38%
(5) Iowa 51.72%
Lowest
Texas 30.56%
Hawaii 31.40%
California 34.70%
Oklahoma 34.92%
Arizona 35.46%
Although there are exceptions (California, Hawaii), the general trend is for Union/Blue-State areas to have high proportional voting, while Confederate/Red-State areas have low proportional voting. 10 of 15 low-turnout states went for Romney, while 12 of 15 high-turnout states went for Obama.
Another way to think about it is like this. In Minnesota, each voter is effectively given the voting power attributable to 1.82 residents. In Texas, each voter is effectively given the voting power attributable to 3.27 residents. That's almost twice as much voting power for Texans, at least in the House (in the Senate and Electoral College, things are made more complicated by the disproportionate voting power of small states).
There's a simple way to remedy this. Rather than apportioning voting power by resident population (which gives powerful groups an incentive to suppress the voting of weaker groups), apportion it by actual number of votes in the last general election. This would give every state an incentive to encourage voter turnout. Long voting lines would be a thing of the past. Registration would be as simple as possible. If a state implemented voter ID requirements, it would do so in a way designed to make it as little of an obstacle to voting as possible (including making the casting of provisional ballots easy for those who don't happen to have ID at the moment), and you couldn't artificially boost your voting power by importing huge populations of prisoners or non-citizen workers. This would also give presidential candidates more incentive to focus on issues that matter to ALL Americans, rather than giving disproportionate weight to the concerns of "swing state" residents, since if you neglect a "safe state," you could be pushing down its voting weight and its House apportionment, by pushing down voter enthusiasm.