2, so only whites can pass the test yet some blacks do as well1. Due to the suboptimal geographic conditions for ancient and medieval development, which gave Europe a head start it used to create a permanent structural advantage through centuries of the slave trade, slavery, and colonial and neoliberal exploitation.
2. Largely because so many of the tests were created by avowed white supremacists who literally validated questions by making sure that more whites than Blacks got them right, and throwing out questions that more Blacks got right. There is also the measurable test anxiety effect besetting Blacks who become nervous taking tests due to the pressure not to fail and embarrass the race in the eyes of white supremacist society. Another reason is inequitable access to food, stability, media, and education.
3. Very few people have ever won them (and the selection criteria are Byzantine and political, and made by a ruling class that is profoundly racist now and more so for most of the time the prizes have existed). But one of those who did win was Black.
W. Arthur Lewis - Wikipedia
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