The debate in the Senate in 1866 makes the original intent of the text explicitly clear. Senator Jacob Howard of Michigan, the author who introduced the Citizenship Clause to the Senate floor, stated definitively that the phrase:
Furthermore, during these fundamental debates, Senator Edgar Cowan of Pennsylvania explicitly raised the alarm regarding potential over-expansion and abuse of the clause. He asked if the amendment would grant citizenship to the children of temporary or non-assimilated populations, noting that it was dangerous to force a state to inherit citizens who owe their ultimate fidelity elsewhere. In response, Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois, the powerful chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee who co-authored the Civil Rights Act of 1866, clarified the exact meaning of "subject to the jurisdiction" by stating:
This historical record establishes that "jurisdiction" was designed as a measure of exclusive political allegiance, not simple amenability to local police power.